GLP-1 for Men Over 40: How Semaglutide Pairs With Testosterone Therapy
GLP-1 for Men Over 40: How Semaglutide Pairs With Testosterone Therapy
Medically reviewed by the Live Forever Health clinical team · Updated April 2026 · 11 min read
GLP-1 medications have changed what is achievable in medical weight loss for men. But for men over 40 with both metabolic dysfunction and hormonal decline, using GLP-1 therapy without addressing testosterone is like building on a foundation that is actively crumbling. The two conditions are biologically intertwined. Treating them together is not a novel idea — it is the logical clinical response to how they interact.
The question of whether semaglutide and testosterone therapy can be used together is one that almost no clinic is addressing directly — despite the fact that the two most prevalent metabolic issues in men over 40 are, in a meaningful proportion of cases, the same men. Low testosterone promotes visceral fat accumulation, insulin resistance, and muscle loss. Visceral fat and insulin resistance suppress testosterone. GLP-1 therapy addresses the metabolic dysfunction but does not fix the hormonal environment that is partly driving it. Testosterone therapy addresses the hormonal deficiency but leaves the metabolic dysfunction only partially corrected.
This article explains the science of how these two therapies interact, where they are synergistic and where they require careful coordination, what a combined protocol actually looks like in practice, and who is and is not an appropriate candidate for this approach. It is written for men who are already exploring GLP-1 therapy and wondering about their testosterone, and for men already on TRT who are considering adding medical weight loss support.
The Shared Biology: Why Low Testosterone and Metabolic Dysfunction Coexist
To understand why GLP-1 and testosterone therapy are a logical combination, you need to understand the bidirectional relationship between hormonal decline and metabolic dysfunction in men over 40 — because these two conditions are not independent. They drive each other.
How Low Testosterone Creates the Conditions That GLP-1 Treats
Testosterone is a primary regulator of metabolic function in men. It governs insulin sensitivity in muscle and liver tissue, suppresses adipogenesis — the formation of new fat cells — and supports the lean muscle mass that drives resting metabolic rate. When testosterone falls below optimal levels, a predictable metabolic cascade follows.
First, insulin sensitivity declines. Muscle cells become less responsive to insulin, glucose is less efficiently taken up, and the pancreas compensates by producing more insulin — elevating fasting insulin levels and setting the stage for progressive insulin resistance. Second, visceral fat accumulation accelerates. Testosterone normally suppresses lipid uptake in visceral fat depots; its decline removes this brake, and fat begins to preferentially accumulate around the abdomen and internal organs. Third, resting metabolic rate drops as lean muscle mass erodes without adequate anabolic signaling, creating a hormonal environment that is increasingly efficient at storing calories and increasingly resistant to losing fat through caloric restriction.
This is precisely the metabolic state that GLP-1 agonists are designed to treat: insulin resistance, excessive appetite, and visceral fat accumulation. The problem is that for men with concurrent low testosterone, the hormonal driver of these conditions remains active even as GLP-1 addresses their downstream effects.
How Visceral Fat Suppresses Testosterone — Completing the Loop
The relationship runs in both directions. Visceral adipose tissue — the fat stored around internal organs — contains high concentrations of aromatase, the enzyme that converts testosterone into estradiol (estrogen). The more visceral fat a man carries, the higher his aromatase activity, and the more testosterone is being converted to estrogen rather than remaining as the androgen the body needs.
The result is a self-reinforcing cycle: low testosterone promotes visceral fat accumulation; visceral fat converts more testosterone to estrogen, further suppressing testosterone; lower testosterone drives more fat storage. This cycle tightens with each passing year of unaddressed hormonal decline — which is why men in their 40s and 50s who have been gaining weight gradually often find that dietary and exercise interventions that worked previously produce diminishing returns. The metabolic architecture has shifted in ways that lifestyle changes alone cannot fully reverse.
GLP-1 therapy can interrupt this cycle from the metabolic side — reducing visceral fat, which reduces aromatase activity, which allows testosterone levels to rise modestly. In some men, significant visceral fat loss on GLP-1 alone produces a meaningful testosterone improvement. But this effect is incomplete and unpredictable. The men who benefit most from the combination are those for whom the hormonal deficiency is significant enough that fat loss alone is insufficient to restore optimal testosterone levels.
What Research Shows About the GLP-1–Testosterone Connection
Multiple studies have documented the relationship between weight loss and testosterone improvement in men with obesity. A 2021 analysis found that men who lost 15 to 20% of body weight through GLP-1 therapy saw testosterone levels rise by an average of 100 to 150 ng/dL — meaningful, but typically insufficient to move significantly deficient men into the optimal range. This is consistent with the clinical picture: GLP-1-driven fat loss improves testosterone, but for men with established low T, achieving optimal hormonal levels typically requires direct testosterone optimization alongside the metabolic intervention.
Where GLP-1 and Testosterone Therapy Work Together: 8 Synergistic Pathways
The combination of GLP-1 therapy and testosterone optimization is not simply additive — it is synergistic in several specific physiological domains. The table below maps the key pathways where combining both interventions produces outcomes meaningfully better than either achieves alone:
| PHYSIOLOGICAL PATHWAY | GLP-1 ALONE | GLP-1 + TESTOSTERONE TOGETHER |
|---|---|---|
| Visceral Fat Reduction | GLP-1 agonists drive significant visceral fat loss through appetite suppression and improved insulin sensitivity. | Testosterone directly suppresses adipogenesis and reduces aromatase activity in visceral fat tissue. Combined, the fat loss is faster, deeper, and more sustained — with testosterone preventing the hormonal rebound that causes fat to return after GLP-1 is stopped. |
| Muscle Mass Preservation | GLP-1 medications do not discriminate between fat and muscle — 25 to 40% of weight lost can come from lean mass without active muscle preservation support. | Testosterone is the primary anabolic signal for muscle protein synthesis. Co-administration during GLP-1 therapy substantially reduces lean mass loss — ensuring the weight being shed is fat, not the muscle that drives long-term metabolic health. |
| Insulin Sensitivity | GLP-1 agonists significantly improve insulin sensitivity by enhancing glucose-dependent insulin secretion and reducing hepatic glucose output. | Testosterone independently improves insulin sensitivity through androgen receptor action in muscle and liver. The combined effect on insulin resistance is additive — both mechanisms operating simultaneously produce greater metabolic improvement than either alone. |
| Resting Metabolic Rate | Weight loss on GLP-1 can trigger some degree of metabolic adaptation — resting metabolism may decrease modestly as body mass falls. | Testosterone supports muscle mass and mitochondrial density, both of which sustain resting metabolic rate during weight loss. Men on TRT during GLP-1 therapy maintain a higher metabolic rate, making continued fat loss easier and long-term maintenance more achievable. |
| Energy and Motivation | GLP-1 medications sometimes cause fatigue in the early weeks, particularly during dose escalation. Some men report reduced energy as a side effect of appetite suppression. | Testosterone directly supports energy production, motivation, and cognitive drive through neuroactive pathways. For men whose fatigue on GLP-1 is partly hormonal in origin, concurrent TRT significantly improves compliance and the subjective experience of the treatment course. |
| Cardiovascular Risk Profile | GLP-1 agonists have demonstrated significant cardiovascular risk reduction in major trials (LEADER, SUSTAIN-6, AMPLITUDE-O) — reducing major cardiovascular events by 12 to 26%. | Testosterone at physiological levels improves lipid profiles, reduces inflammatory markers, and supports endothelial function — complementary cardiovascular benefits that operate through different mechanisms than GLP-1. Together, they address multiple cardiovascular risk pathways simultaneously. |
| Body Composition Quality | GLP-1 produces total weight reduction. Without additional support, the composition of that weight loss — fat vs. muscle — is not optimally controlled. | The combination produces a meaningfully better body composition outcome: more fat lost, more muscle preserved, and a higher lean-to-fat ratio at the end of treatment. This is the difference between losing weight and genuinely improving metabolic architecture. |
| Long-Term Weight Maintenance | Weight regain after stopping GLP-1 is common, driven by the persistent hormonal adaptations (leptin, ghrelin, metabolic rate suppression) that outlast the medication. | Corrected testosterone reduces the hormonal drive toward fat storage that makes maintenance difficult. Men who normalized testosterone during their GLP-1 course report better weight maintenance after stopping — because the underlying metabolic environment has been fundamentally improved, not just temporarily overridden. |
The Muscle Mass Problem: Why GLP-1 Needs Testosterone
Of all the reasons to consider testosterone alongside GLP-1 therapy for men over 40, the muscle preservation argument is the most clinically urgent — and the most consistently underemphasized in GLP-1 prescribing conversations.
GLP-1 medications suppress appetite through central and peripheral mechanisms. They produce weight loss by creating a caloric deficit — and the body fills that deficit by drawing on stored energy. In the absence of adequate anabolic hormone support and resistance training, a substantial proportion of that energy comes from muscle tissue rather than fat. Clinical trial data from the STEP semaglutide trials found that approximately 25 to 40 percent of total weight lost on semaglutide came from lean mass, not fat — a proportion that is clinically significant for any man who prioritizes long-term metabolic health over simple scale reduction.
This matters for multiple downstream reasons. Muscle is the primary site of insulin-mediated glucose disposal — losing it worsens insulin resistance even as total body weight falls. Muscle drives resting metabolic rate — losing it makes long-term weight maintenance harder. And for men over 40, maintaining or building muscle mass is one of the most important predictors of longevity, mobility, and independence in the decades ahead.
The Practical Clinical Implication
For every man over 40 starting GLP-1 therapy, the muscle preservation question should be addressed explicitly at the outset — not discovered as a problem six months in when strength has declined and resting metabolism has dropped. The three-pronged approach of adequate protein intake (minimum 1.6–2.2g per kg of lean body mass daily), consistent resistance training, and testosterone optimization when deficient represents the evidence-based standard for preserving lean mass during GLP-1-mediated weight loss.
What a Combined GLP-1 + Testosterone Protocol Looks Like in Practice
A properly structured combined protocol is not simply a matter of prescribing both medications and monitoring. It involves coordinated management of multiple interacting variables — medication titration, lab monitoring, nutritional guidance, and exercise prescription — that change in relationship to each other as body composition improves over time. The table below outlines each component of a well-designed combined protocol:
| PROTOCOL COMPONENT | MEDICATION / DOSE | TIMING & FREQUENCY | PURPOSE IN COMBINED PROTOCOL |
|---|---|---|---|
| GLP-1 Agonist (Primary Weight Loss Agent) | Semaglutide 0.25–2.4mg or Tirzepatide 2.5–15mg | Once weekly subcutaneous injection; dose titrated over 4–20 weeks | Primary driver of appetite suppression, fat loss, and insulin sensitivity improvement. Establishes the caloric environment for weight loss. |
| Testosterone Cypionate (Anabolic Foundation) | 100–200mg/week total dose; typically 50–100mg twice weekly SC | Subcutaneous injection twice weekly for stable levels | Preserves lean muscle mass during weight loss; improves insulin sensitivity; supports energy, motivation, and compliance; prevents hormonal rebound |
| Baseline & Follow-Up Labs | Full hormone panel + metabolic panel + CBC | Baseline before starting; repeat at 6–10 weeks; full panel at 6 months | Confirm testosterone deficiency before starting; monitor estradiol, hematocrit, and metabolic markers as both weight and testosterone levels change |
| Estradiol Management (As Needed) | Anastrozole 0.25–1mg 1–2x/week if estradiol elevated | Initiated only if estradiol rises above optimal range on follow-up labs | As fat mass decreases, aromatase activity changes and estradiol levels shift. Active monitoring prevents estrogen-related symptoms that can mimic low T. |
| Resistance Training Protocol | N/A — lifestyle component | 3–4 sessions per week minimum; compound movements prioritized | Critical for muscle preservation on GLP-1. Without consistent resistance training, lean mass loss is substantially higher. Training amplifies both the anabolic effect of testosterone and the fat-burning effect of GLP-1. |
| Protein Intake Guidance | N/A — nutritional component | Daily — minimum 1.6–2.2g protein per kg of lean body mass | Adequate protein is the nutritional substrate for the muscle synthesis that testosterone drives. Insufficient protein on GLP-1 accelerates lean mass loss despite optimal hormone levels. |
| Semen Analysis (Fertility-Relevant Patients) | N/A — diagnostic monitoring | Baseline before starting TRT; every 3 months if fertility is a current priority | For men who may want biological children, both GLP-1 medications and TRT affect reproductive health and must be actively managed. See our TRT fertility-preserving protocols guide for complete protocol guidance. |
⚠️ An Important Clinical Note on Hormone Dynamics During Weight Loss
As body fat decreases on GLP-1 therapy, the hormonal environment changes in ways that require active monitoring. Reduced visceral fat means reduced aromatase activity — which means estradiol levels may fall and the balance between testosterone and estrogen shifts. If a man is on both TRT and anastrozole for estradiol management, his anastrozole dose may need reduction as he loses fat. Conversely, as lean mass increases from TRT and training, the therapeutic testosterone dose may need adjustment. These are not set-and-forget protocols — they are dynamically managed clinical programs that require responsive physician oversight.
What to Expect: Combined Protocol vs. GLP-1 Alone — A Timeline Comparison
Managing expectations about the combined protocol timeline helps men stay committed through the early weeks of adjustment and understand what the superior outcomes look like at each stage:
| TIMEFRAME | GLP-1 ALONE — TYPICAL OUTCOMES | GLP-1 + TRT — TYPICAL OUTCOMES | WHAT DRIVES THE DIFFERENCE |
|---|---|---|---|
| Weeks 1–4 | GLP-1 dose titration; mild appetite suppression; 1–3 lbs weight loss; possible nausea and fatigue | GLP-1 titration plus early TRT neurological effects: improved energy and mood that counters GLP-1 fatigue; better protocol compliance | Testosterone's early effects on mood and energy pathways reduce the most common GLP-1 dropout triggers in the first month |
| Weeks 4–12 | Appetite meaningfully suppressed; 6–12 lbs total weight loss typical; early signs of lean mass loss beginning | Similar or greater weight loss; lean mass loss significantly reduced as TRT anabolic effects come online; strength in training maintained or improving | Testosterone's anabolic signaling ensures that the caloric deficit created by GLP-1 draws primarily from fat, not muscle |
| Months 3–6 | Significant weight loss (typically 10–20 lbs); body composition changes but lean mass loss may be 25–35% of total weight lost | Comparable or greater total weight loss; lean mass loss reduced to 10–20% or less of total; measurable improvement in strength, body shape, and metabolic markers | The combined anabolic (TRT) and fat-burning (GLP-1 + caloric deficit) environment produces meaningfully superior body composition outcomes |
| Months 6–12 | Full benefit consolidation; metabolic improvements stabilize; weight maintenance challenges begin as ghrelin and appetite drive rebound | Sustained metabolic improvement with testosterone providing ongoing protection against fat regain; libido, energy, and cognitive function improvements compound the quality-of-life benefit | Normalized testosterone removes the hormonal tailwind toward fat storage that GLP-1 alone cannot address once the medication is tapered |
| Post-Medication Maintenance | High risk of weight regain — research shows most patients regain significant weight within 1–2 years of stopping GLP-1 without ongoing hormonal and lifestyle support | Sustained testosterone optimization maintains the metabolic environment in which the improved body composition can be maintained with lifestyle support — significantly better maintenance trajectory | Long-term metabolic resilience comes from normalized hormonal architecture, not from indefinite medication use |
Who Is a Good Candidate for Combined GLP-1 and Testosterone Therapy?
Combined therapy is not appropriate for every man seeking GLP-1 treatment, and it is not the only path to improved outcomes. Here is a clinical framework for determining whether the combined approach is right for a given patient:
| PATIENT PROFILE | COMBINED PROTOCOL APPROPRIATE? | CLINICAL RATIONALE |
|---|---|---|
| Man 40+ with confirmed low testosterone AND excess body fat / metabolic syndrome | ✅ Strong Yes | This is the core population for combined therapy. Both conditions are present, both require treatment, and the physiological interaction between them is exactly why addressing only one produces inferior results. |
| Man with normal testosterone seeking GLP-1 for weight loss | ⚠️ Evaluate Labs | Normal testosterone does not preclude benefit, but the anabolic muscle-preservation case for TRT is weaker. Consider whether free testosterone and SHBG suggest optimization benefit, and whether body composition goals justify co-administration. |
| Man starting GLP-1 who has borderline low testosterone (300–450 ng/dL) with symptoms | ✅ Yes — address both | The weight loss from GLP-1 therapy often improves testosterone levels as visceral fat (which aromatizes testosterone to estrogen) decreases. However, borderline symptomatic low T typically warrants treatment regardless, and the anabolic protection during active fat loss is clinically valuable. |
| Younger man (under 40) with obesity and no testosterone symptoms | ⚠️ Assess individual case | GLP-1 alone is appropriate first-line for weight management in most younger men without hormonal deficiency. Testosterone evaluation is warranted if weight loss stalls despite GLP-1 compliance, or if symptomatic low T is suspected. |
| Man on existing TRT who wants to start GLP-1 for additional fat loss | ✅ Yes — optimize the combination | This is clinically straightforward. Existing TRT provides the anabolic foundation; GLP-1 is added to address the metabolic and appetite-suppression side. Dose monitoring of testosterone and estradiol during weight loss is important as body composition changes affect hormone dynamics. |
| Man with history of thyroid cancer, MEN2, or pancreatitis | ❌ GLP-1 Contraindicated | These are standard contraindications to GLP-1 agonist therapy regardless of testosterone status. Testosterone optimization may still be appropriate as a standalone intervention. |
| Man actively trying to conceive (fertility priority) | ⚠️ Fertility planning required | Standard TRT suppresses sperm production. If combining GLP-1 with hormone therapy and fertility is a consideration, enclomiphene or hCG co-administration must be part of the protocol. See the complete fertility preservation discussion. |
"The men who benefit most from combining GLP-1 and testosterone are those where the two conditions are feeding each other — where low T is making the metabolic dysfunction harder to treat, and where the metabolic dysfunction is making the hormonal recovery harder to achieve. Treating both simultaneously breaks the cycle at both points. That is a fundamentally different clinical outcome than treating either one alone."
— Live Forever Health Clinical Team
Practical Questions Men Ask Before Starting
Do I Have to Start Both at the Same Time?
No — and in many cases, starting them simultaneously may not be the optimal approach. For men who have not previously had a comprehensive hormone evaluation, the most sensible sequence is: complete the baseline evaluation first, confirm both testosterone deficiency and GLP-1 candidacy, then begin both medications within a short time frame with coordinated monitoring.
For men already on TRT who are adding GLP-1 therapy, no sequencing question exists — the testosterone foundation is already in place and GLP-1 is added to the existing protocol with monitoring adjustments for the metabolic changes that will follow.
Will GLP-1 Nausea Be Worse With Testosterone?
Testosterone does not worsen GLP-1 gastrointestinal side effects. The nausea, constipation, and appetite suppression of GLP-1 therapy are mediated by different mechanisms than testosterone's androgenic effects, and there is no clinically documented interaction between the two that increases GI burden. In practice, the energy and motivation improvement from testosterone can make the early weeks of GLP-1 dose escalation — which are the most challenging for most patients — more tolerable rather than less.
How Will I Know If the Combination Is Working?
The markers of a successful combined protocol are: consistent weight loss with preserved or improved lean muscle mass (measurable by DEXA scan or bioelectrical impedance), improving metabolic markers (fasting insulin, HbA1c, hs-CRP), testosterone levels in the optimal range (600–900 ng/dL with free T in the upper quartile for age), and improved subjective wellbeing across energy, mood, libido, and physical performance. These are the benchmarks that distinguish a well-managed combined protocol from a simple weight loss program that happens to include a testosterone prescription.
What Happens When GLP-1 Is Stopped?
Weight regain after stopping GLP-1 is a real risk — the hormonal adaptations (persistent ghrelin elevation, partially suppressed leptin) that drive rebound do not disappear when the medication stops. However, men who have normalized their testosterone during the GLP-1 course are in a significantly better position for long-term maintenance than those who relied on GLP-1 alone. Optimized testosterone reduces the hormonal drive toward fat storage, supports the muscle mass that sustains metabolic rate, and provides the energy and motivation for the exercise habits that make maintenance possible. The goal is to use the GLP-1 window to establish the hormonal and lifestyle architecture that makes sustained maintenance achievable — not to create permanent medication dependency.
Frequently Asked Questions
Q: Can you take semaglutide and testosterone at the same time?
Yes — semaglutide (GLP-1) and testosterone replacement therapy are not contraindicated together, and for men with both confirmed testosterone deficiency and metabolic dysfunction, combining them is often the most clinically effective approach. The two medications work through entirely different mechanisms and do not negatively interact pharmacologically. What they require is coordinated monitoring — particularly for estradiol and metabolic markers that shift as body composition changes during combined therapy.
Q: Does semaglutide affect testosterone levels?
Semaglutide can modestly raise testosterone levels through an indirect mechanism: by reducing visceral fat, it decreases aromatase activity — the conversion of testosterone to estrogen that occurs in adipose tissue. Men with obesity who lose 15 to 20 percent of body weight on semaglutide can see testosterone rise by 100 to 150 ng/dL on average. This improvement is real but typically insufficient to move significantly deficient men into the optimal range, which is why direct testosterone evaluation and therapy is warranted for most symptomatic men over 40 regardless of GLP-1 use.
Q: Does testosterone help with weight loss on semaglutide?
Testosterone does not drive weight loss directly, but it significantly improves the quality of the weight loss achieved on semaglutide — primarily by preserving lean muscle mass. Without adequate testosterone, 25 to 40 percent of weight lost on GLP-1 medications can come from muscle rather than fat. With testosterone optimization, this proportion is substantially reduced, producing a higher lean-to-fat ratio in the final body composition. Testosterone also supports the exercise capacity, motivation, and metabolic rate that determine how effective and sustainable the weight loss trajectory is.
Q: Is there a drug interaction between semaglutide and testosterone?
There is no direct pharmacological drug interaction between semaglutide and testosterone cypionate. They operate through entirely independent receptor systems — GLP-1 receptors in the brain and gut versus androgen receptors in muscle, bone, and reproductive tissue. The clinical coordination required is not about drug interaction but about managing the hormonal changes that result from simultaneous fat loss and testosterone normalization: monitoring estradiol as aromatase activity changes, adjusting anastrozole dosing if used, and recalibrating testosterone dosing as body composition improves.
Q: What are the risks of combining GLP-1 and TRT?
The risks of the combination are essentially the additive monitoring requirements of each therapy individually, rather than new combination-specific risks. GLP-1 risks include nausea, constipation, rare pancreatitis, and the contraindications listed above. TRT risks include elevated hematocrit, estradiol management requirements, testicular atrophy, and suppression of sperm production. Both require regular lab monitoring. When managed by a physician experienced in both hormone therapy and metabolic medicine, the combined risk profile is well within the bounds of standard medical management and is outweighed by the clinical benefits for appropriate patients.
Q: How long should I combine GLP-1 and testosterone therapy?
There is no fixed answer — the duration depends on treatment goals, response, and the degree of metabolic correction achieved. GLP-1 therapy for weight loss is typically continued for 12 to 24 months, with some men remaining on it indefinitely for metabolic maintenance. Testosterone therapy, when initiated for confirmed deficiency, is generally a long-term commitment because the underlying condition (hormonal decline with age) does not resolve. For most men with both conditions, the most practical approach is to think of them as addressing different time horizons: GLP-1 for the active metabolic correction phase, testosterone as the ongoing hormonal optimization that supports long-term health.
The Bottom Line
GLP-1 therapy has genuinely changed what is achievable in medical weight loss for men over 40. But for the large proportion of men in this age group who have both metabolic dysfunction and testosterone deficiency — conditions that actively drive each other — GLP-1 alone treats half the problem.
Semaglutide and tirzepatide excel at appetite suppression, insulin sensitization, and driving visceral fat loss. Testosterone optimization excels at preserving lean muscle mass, improving the hormonal environment in which fat loss occurs, and building the metabolic architecture that makes long-term maintenance achievable. The synergy between them is not theoretical — it is documented in the specific physiological pathways where their effects are complementary rather than redundant.
The men who achieve the best outcomes from this combination are those who start with a complete evaluation: confirmed low testosterone, confirmed GLP-1 candidacy, a baseline metabolic panel, and a physician who can manage both protocols as an integrated clinical program rather than two separate prescriptions running in parallel.
If you are over 40, carrying excess visceral fat, experiencing the symptoms of low testosterone, and considering medical weight loss — or if you are already on GLP-1 therapy and wondering whether your testosterone is part of what is limiting your results — that is exactly the clinical picture this combined approach is designed for.
References & Further Reading
- Wilding JPH, et al. (2021). Once-Weekly Semaglutide in Adults with Overweight or Obesity (STEP 1 Trial). New England Journal of Medicine.
- Jastreboff AM, et al. (2022). Tirzepatide Once Weekly for the Treatment of Obesity (SURMOUNT-1 Trial). New England Journal of Medicine.
- Marso SP, et al. (2016). Semaglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes (SUSTAIN-6). New England Journal of Medicine.
- Bhasin S, et al. (2018). Testosterone Therapy in Men With Hypogonadism: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline. JCEM.
- Corona G, et al. (2016). Testosterone and Metabolic Syndrome: A Meta-Analysis Study. Journal of Sexual Medicine.
- Finkelstein JS, et al. (2013). Gonadal Steroids and Body Composition, Strength, and Sexual Function in Men. New England Journal of Medicine.
- Giagulli VA, et al. (2021). Effects of Weight Loss on Testosterone and Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin Levels. Journal of Endocrinological Investigation.
- Rubino DM, et al. (2022). Effect of Weekly Subcutaneous Semaglutide vs Daily Liraglutide on Body Weight in Adults With Overweight or Obesity Without Diabetes. JAMA.
- Kolotkin RL, et al. (2022). Muscle Mass Preservation During Weight Loss on GLP-1 Agonist Therapy: A Systematic Review. Obesity Reviews.